Abortion Pregnancy and Unwarranted Government Intrusion Free Essays

Fetus removal Ever since the thought/choice of premature birth there has been contentions in the event that it is good are most certainly not. A lot of individuals are unequivocally against it and state generally excellent data on why yet I’m expert premature birth. I’m genius premature birth since as a matter of first importance it should be up to ladies if its lawful or not on the grounds that its their bodies that need to experience the procedure of fetal extraction. We will compose a custom exposition test on Fetus removal: Pregnancy and Unwarranted Government Intrusion or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now There are a few conditions wherein a premature birth is required. Lets state a secondary school couple happens to get pregnant they’re not entirely competent to deal with a child and be guardians. A child would exacerbate the previously existing issues a youngster as of now has like school, sports, preparing for school. That is not life for an infant particularly an undesirable one, what sort of personal satisfaction is that for the infant or guardians. Imagine a scenario where the hopeful guardians of that infant aren’t fit to be guardians having issues with medications and liquor nobody ought to grow up around that. On the off chance that the infant did it might follow in the degenerate strides of its bombing guardians and wind up doing likewise things. In the event that ladies are compelled to convey undesirable pregnancies to term the outcome is undesirable youngsters which then when they grow up are off guard, and at times slanted toward fierce conduct to other people. Presently even God restrict let’s state some lady had been assaulted and she has gotten pregnant hence, she is likely going to need a fetus removal. This may sound disgusting and mean yet what ladies would need to keep that infant and take a gander at the person in question and consistently and be helped to remember that time where she was exceptionally defenseless and being exploited. Nobody ought to need to continue remembering that second again and again that would be horrendous. Presently the large issues why fetus removal ought to be lawful turned out in the 1973 instance of Roe versus Wade. This case went along after ladies began having off camera premature births where ladies had it done by coat holders and messy instruments to play out these profoundly risky techniques typically done on themselves or purchase a paid individual who has done these ghastly methodology previously. Most ladies would wind up having genuine contaminations, interior draining and now and again even passing. So fetus removal ought to be legitimate so we don’t have this back-room methods any longer and ladies having lethal wounds. In any case, on the off chance that they as of now have a genuine sickness or complexity, for example, coronary illness, kidney malady, serious hypertension, sickle-cell iron deficiency and extreme diabetes. The accessibility of lawful fetus removal can help advert genuine clinical issues that can happen from labor. In the event that fetus removal was illicit the administration would push a â€Å"undue burden† on ladies as well as families which is unlawful at any rate in light of the fact that the legislature can not interrupt an individual or people life like that. What's more, when a fetus removal is completed a ladies just has 90 days to have on done or it gets unlawful in any case. (the trimester law that was built up in the Roe versus Wade case)  We ought not interfere with ladies as well as families matters by saying what they can and cant do seeing issues, for example, these, premature birth is even ensured by the fourteenth amendment which gives ladies right to security. We should regard and bolster a lady and her family as they face the life changing choice of whether to have a kid or not. So its not about the way that you are as far as anyone knows â€Å"killing† an unborn baby its more that we have the choice and the alternative to do what that individual needs to do. For certain families an incidental pregnancy is alright however for whatever an occasion can be very  catastrophic. It can bring about increment pressures, upset dependability and put path underneath the line of financial endurance. The prohibiting of fetus removal would likewise be oppressive towards the poor ladies and families that must retreat to the risky self-instigated or back rear entryway methods. Men with these well off families can send their spouses or sweethearts to different nations and pay to have it done legitimately. It will likewise whenever prohibited make more youngsters bear kids considers show that 44% of multi year old young ladies will get pregnant before they turn twenty. This could happen to your little girl or some other cherished one. Premature birth and conceptive opportunity all the more extensively characterized are significant bits of guaranteeing this normal dream. To acquire a superior future, we should each be allowed to settle on significantly close to home choices about our regenerative lives without ridiculous government interruption. Similarly as with all opportunities, there are limits. Be that as it may, a legislature that regards the individual respectability of its kin both meddles in these basically private choices as meager as could be expected under the circumstances and guarantees that everybody has the chance to settle on these choices dependably. So by and large there are a couple of conditions where a premature birth is required, for example, youth, clinical intricacies that can be turned away, and could mess major up for the family and the unborn youngster. This is the reason I feel that premature birth ought to be legitimate despite the fact that what the individuals against fetus removal are stating and attempt to toss in your face and cause you to accept. They have no proof for their investigations cause there is no confirmation behind what they state. The baby can not feel torment before the primary trimester (90 days) and no where in the good book does it say that its wrong since when the holy book was composed premature births weren’t even around at the time not to mention thought of. Step by step instructions to refer to Abortion: Pregnancy and Unwarranted Government Intrusion, Essay models

Anime Essay Example For Students

Anime Essay Did some exploration, since I dont truly follow refreshes for craftsmen. Utada Hikaru has discharged another collection some time back this year called This is the One and in there, one of the melodies grabbed my eye. The melody is called Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence FYI. Why this tune? Since the initial music is some way or another extremely oriental and it was a revamp melody from the fundamental subject of the film Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence. I dont truly know why she pick this music to sing, yet all I know is that Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence primary signature music has been changed a great deal of times. Delineated from Wikipedia, Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence FYI sang by Utada Hikaru, the verses reference to the film also. Since Im no devotee of old motion pictures, particularly those during the 80s 90s (obviously, I despite everything like P. Ramlees motion pictures), it kept me inquisitive to need to watch the film. The principle signature music was made by Sakamoto Ryuichi, an extremely alleviating tune and was positioned among the best in his music. Some redo adaptations, duplicated glue here: There is a 12 vinyl revamp form on the renowned Italian record mark DISCOMAGIC named Clock On 5 Theme From Furyo. A spread rendition of Forbidden Colors is remembered for Hollywood Mon Amour, an assortment of tunes put on the map by their incorporation on soundtracks of motion pictures made during the 1980s, adjusted by Marc Collin of Nouvelle Vague with Nadeah giving the vocals. In 2000, a re-blend of Ryuichi Sakamoto s Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence called Heart of Asia was discharged in Europe by move bunch Watergate. In 2008, Indonesian vocalist Anggun utilized an example from this tune on Hymne a la compete a track on her collection Elevation. In 2009, Japanese-American pop vocalist Hikaru Utada utilized an example from this melody on her second English-language collection This Is the One, entitling her tune Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence FYI. . The verses reference to the film also. The tune is additionally utilized (in altered structure) as the signature melody to the Atari XE port of International Karate (for the Sydney stage) Japanese Post-Hardcore band FACT recorded a track by the title Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence on their self-titled collection.

What I Have Learned From The Early Decision Process At MIT

What I Have Learned From The Early Decision Process At MIT *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. As you can see by the photos, this was a grueling process. I could go through it step by step with you, but Bens already covered that. So lets get to the meat of the matter (or for you vegans out there, the shiitake mushroom of the matter). Here are some of the things that impressed me: The quality of the essays. I was constantly floored by the way so many of you approached your essays and your overall style and flow. Dare I say, I saw flashes of brilliance every now and again? I SO wish that I could share snippets of some of the essays that I reviewed. Alas, under penalty of law and all that stuff concerning your right to privacy, I am forced to discuss them using only my inner voice. The fine ways that many of you give back to the community. It is not hard to tell when someone is just going through the motions or trying to pad their application. I saw true selfless activities. This includes everything from the creation of clubs in school to activities that help to relieve human suffering to activities that help to right injustices. It is humbling to see so many students showing so much compassion for their fellow man. The great ways that you spend your free time. (Although, I do wish all of you would sleep more!) Other than hang out on my blog, I am pleased that you are having fun, that many of you have such a great sense of humor! The amount of passion in your applications. WOW! It does the soul good to know that you love this stuff. Some of you have been doing things related to your intended fields of study for quite some time, while others of you are chomping at the bit to jump right in. As the Black Eyed Peas said, Lets Get it Started in Here. (DISCLAIMER: Do not assume that you wont be admitted if you have not already pursued a great deal of activity in your intended field of study. We know that an interest in creative writing is easily expressed as compared to one in Nuclear Engineering. In other words, we believe that writing samples make fine submissions, whereas we REALLY discourage the submission of fusion reactor cores, no matter how much lead you use as packing material. A low geek factor. Normal students apply and will be accepted to MIT. If what you do makes you a geek in HS, itll make you a superstar at MIT.

The Pursuit Of Women s Rights Essay - 1839 Words

Since the beginning of history, men have always been considered the innate leaders of any society. They are considered to be aggressive, dominant, smart for business, and born to be leaders. Conversely, to women who since early history had to break stereotypes to show that they had the potential to work and prove themselves to hold powerful positions at work. Due to the pursuit of women s rights and equality to men, known as feminism, history has changed. Different from decades ago, women are now entitled to choose between working and staying at home, they have more options than just being a wife and a mom. While, women now have rights, they still carry different stereotypes that sometimes prevent them to be respected and considered for a better position at the workplace. Stereotypes of women such as sensitive, unstable, deep emotional are some of the reasons why women are not considered potential leaders. That is why, as Ariel Levy discusses in her essay â€Å"Female Chauvanist Pig s† â€Å"Women who ve wanted to be perceived as powerful have long found it more effective to identify with men than to try and elevate the entire female sex to their level† (268). Instead of fulfilling the designated stereotypes, women are showing that they can have a masculine side too. In order to be considered as powerful leaders in a male dominated society, most women try to identify with men by acquiring masculine characteristics.Although, the successful leadership style is masculine, womenShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Pursuit Of Knowledge Essay1673 Words   |  7 Pages Among the many themes explored in Mary Shelley s timeless classic â€Å"Frankenstein†, the one I find to be most relevant and the one that truly resonated with me was the dangers that stem from the pursuit of knowledge. 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What lied in the foreground of the civil war are images of unions and confederate soldiers rummaging through forest of the American South and thoughts of slaves gaining their long sought freedom. However most people do not consider the lingering backdrop of the war. That would be the effects the war would have on the changing gender roles. The new gender roles formedRead MoreGender Inequality1640 Words   |  7 Pagesinequality issue: the grievances of women. Feminists have fought against the ingrained tradition of women as housewives with no rights and being looked down upon as the lesser sex. The women’s rights movement in the United States has worked tirelessly since 1848 to fight for rights and break down gender barriers. Misogyny and gender constructs, such as the ideal of beauty, hold women back in various aspects of their lives as discussed in the articles â€Å"Marked Women† by Deborah Tannen and â€Å"A Woman’s

Hydration management in acute stroke patients - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3680 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Stroke is a global public health concern with many sufferers presenting with varying levels of confusion (Oh and Seo 2007). Management of hydration in acute stroke patients is not standardised and variations in practice can be very wide between different continents. The sheer number of possible comorbidities and the relative ease with which hydration can trigger concomitant problems can lead to increasing incidence and prevalence of long-term patient care resulting from inadequate hydration management. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hydration management in acute stroke patients" essay for you Create order Optimum hydration assessment and management are key clinical activities; however, inadequate hydration controls by health professionals persist (Oh and Seo 2007). Research shows that to guide fluid management to desired levels, a regular assessment of the volume status has to be made Scope This literature review is based on works that are found on Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Department of Health (DoH), National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), National Medical Council (NMC), World Health Organisation (WHO), Wiley Interscience and CKS databases that relate to hydration in stroke patients and nursing awareness of hydration in stroke patients. There is wide literature on different aspects of stroke and many authors have studied the effects of hydration in stroke patients. This review looks at literature that discusses management of hydration and/or the impacts of variations in hydration management on acute stroke patients outcomes like method of feeding, time- compliance in taking readings or measurements, legal issues and ethical issues. Relevance to clinical practice This literature review looks at relevant studies by experts that are found on credible databases. The purposes of the expert studies are reviewed and analysed to inform better understanding of current nursing practice in hydrating acute stroke patients. Several studies on hydration highlight specific difficulties relating to the assessment and management of hydration in acute stroke patients. There are differences between the management and the assessment of hydration in different hospitals and these complicate improving awareness of managing hydration for nurses in practice. If optimum hydration is directly linked to improved outcomes in acute stroke patients, research will be required to identify and overcome barriers to effective hydration management, including the development of specific tools (and knowledge base) to facilitate interventions that promote optimum hydration in seeking improved outcomes in acute stroke patients. Methods of search and documentation n on-line literature search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, COCHRANE, DOH, NICE, NMC, WHO and CKS from 1999 to May 2009 failed to identify enough relevant articles on hydration in stroke patients. Other sources were then reviewed for available literature on medical journals including the BMJ and American Family Physician. For the on-line computer-based literature searches, the following keywords were used: stroke, fluid balance, hydration, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), dehydration, stroke outcome, cerebrovascular disorders, medical management, artificial nutrition and hydration, dysphagia, dysphasia, pyrexia, acute brain infarction, enteral tube feeding, fluid and electrolyte balance, neurology, withholding treatment, pathophysiology and nurses and hydration Hydration and hydration management in acute stroke patients This literature review looks at one of the issues encountered globally in the treatment of acute stroke patients optimum hydration. It takes a particular look at the nursing awareness, measurement, assessment, methods of intervention and the legal issues associated with hydration in acute stroke patients. Stroke is a debilitating condition and can be caused by an ischaemic event or a subarachnoid/intracerebral bleeding. Stroke patients usually present in hospital with co-morbidities (Oh and Seo 2007). Variations exist in stroke fatalities across geographical regions even within the same continent. Studies by Bhalla et al (2003) across four European centres (London, Dijon, Erlangen and Warsaw) have shown significant variation (after adjusting for case mix) in stroke case fatality, in incontinence, dysphasia, dysphagia, conscious level, pyrexia, hyperglycaemia and comorbidity. There were also significant intervention differences between centres in intravenous fluid use, enteral feedin g, initiation of new antihypertensive therapy and insulin therapy, with the London centre having the lowest uptake of interventions. In another European BIOMED Programme, significant variations in case fatality for stroke between European centres (after adjustment for stroke severity) were observed, with the United Kingdom (UK) centres having the highest case fatality and the lowest levels of independence (Wolfe et al., 1999). There were lower intervention rates in the UK centre to correct abnormal physiological parameters in the acute phase which may reflect a difference in philosophy of acute medical supportive care compared with other European countries (Wolfe et al., 2001). Awareness of optimal hydration balance and assessment of the patients hydration condition (in the care of acute stroke patients) is a fundamental part of critical care nursing and optimising the hemodynamic situation can be seen as a team-effort. One of the important factors determining quality of the circula tion is the amount of circulating blood (Hoff et al 2008). Following a stroke, patients may have swallowing impairment and other changes of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract that could affect nutritional and hydration status and that lead to aspiration pneumonia (Schaller et al 2006). Such changes affect the ability of the acute stroke patient to lead a normal nutritional life. Although the Schaller et al (2006) work did not show a direct link between hydration and other comorbidities, they agree that impaired hydrational status is associated with reduced functional improvement, increased complication rates, and prolonged hospital stays. Hydration and hydration status Hydration balance is a measure of the bodys ability to manage fluids and electrolytes. In order to identify the urgency of interventions, nursing staff should characterize an individuals fluid and electrolyte imbalance as mild, moderate, or severe based on pertinent information including lab tests and other relevant criteria. It is important to recognize that the main electrolyte in extracellular fluid (ECF) is sodium and that of intracellular fluid (ICF) is potassium (Edwards, 2001). Toto (1998) pointed out that large increases or decreases in fluid volume can cause infarct, coma and confusion. This knowledge becomes significant in maintaining cerebral blood flow and in preventing secondary brain insult after an acute stroke. In a complication, respiratory or metabolic acidosis will promote the movement of potassium from the ICF and give rise to high serum potassium levels, which may affect cardiac function (Edwards, 2001). This phenomenon can be seen in many traumatic insults to th e brain. A basic knowledge of this physiology in addition to the homeostatic mechanisms for fluid and electrolyte balance is a vital foundation for nursing practice, and essential to the nurses role in hydration management. Cook et al (2005) highlighted the significance of fluids and hydration in the neuroscience patient and in Cook et al (2004) they highlighted that an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that surround stroke is important for nurses to monitor and treat such patients. Kelly et al (2004) in their study of dehydration and venous thromboembolism (VTE) after acute stroke believed dehydration after acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is strongly independently associated with VTE, reinforcing the importance of maintaining adequate hydration in these patients. Their study of hydration over a 9-day period showed indication that dehydration was largely hospital acquired and that the association was causal. Although the possibility that VTE was already present at entry to hospital cannot be discounted, tests have shown that VTE is rarely present before the second day post stroke, and then it becomes increasingly prevalent over the next few days. This could be for one of many reasons including poor communication between patient and hospital staff, change of environment for the patient and the physiological impacts of stroke Hydration balance and nutritional/electrolyte balance The differences in how hydration is assessed in different hospitals have been subject of study for some time. The significance of fluid electrolyte homeostasis becomes very relevant in trauma and shock situations such as subarachnoid haemorrhage where an inflammatory response is triggered which causes a significant change in capillary membrane permeability in a short period of time. In such situations, water, electrolytes and albumin move into the interstitial space to permit the site of injury to receive the required factors (third space shift) (Edwards, 2001). A number of physiological mechanisms are required to maintain homeostasis of hydration status, all of which inform proactive nursing assessment, intervention and evaluation. Those with trauma to the nervous system are vulnerable to disruption to the homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte balance (Cook 2005). Older adults may have a poorer capacity to adapt to shifts in acute fluid balance, leading to the possibility of cardiac and renal functions being impaired and, as a result, a lower glomerular filtration rate (Sheppard, 2001). Managing the fluid balance of the stroke patient by intake and output measures needs to be exercised cautiously because even though the patients fluid volume may not have changed, his/her circulatory volume may be significantly lower in instances of major trauma (Edwards, 2001) Good hydration has been shown to reduce the risk of urolithiasis (category Ib evidence) (see Appendix 2), constipation, exercise asthma, hypertonic dehydration in the infant, and hyperglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis (all category IIb evidence), and is associated with a reduction in urinary tract infections (UTIs), hypertension, fatal coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral infarct Complications of measurement/control Naso-gastric v PEG, enteral v parentera Patient history taking on presenting in the hospital differs from hospital to hospital. History taking should include assessment of fluid intake and loss, baseline hydrational status, skin turgor, heart rate, blood pressure and urinary output. Normal fluid intake for the average adult is approximately 2-2.5 litres, obtained from food, fluids or metabolic by-products (Edwards, 2001). Methods of measurement are not standardised across hospital settings with Wise et al (2000) showing that faecal fluid losses are often neglected in daily fluid balance charts with the possibility of inaccurate hydration assessment. Fluid assessment must include estimating, as accurately as possible, the quantity of fluid taken in. It must take into consideration the entire processes by which water, potassium and sodium are obtained. Measurements are often mainly focused on the extremes of hydration (optimal hydration and extreme dehydration) and this should not be the case. Assessment of hydrational statu s and need is continuous and begins somewhere along a continuum of severe hypovolaemia/ dehydration to severe hypervolaemia/ overhydration. In looking at dehydration, not only extreme dehydration should be noted. Manz and Wentz (2005) highlight that there is increasing evidence mild dehydration may also account for many morbidities and play a role in various other morbidities. The way in which stroke is managed acutely, such as measures maintaining physiological homeostasis may also vary between different populations (Bhalla et al 2003). The physiological indicators of acute deficits in fluid balance may be masked in individuals where compensatory mechanisms are intact. A history of acute events, mainly from baseline documentation and history taking, may enable better identification of such imbalances (Sheppard, 2001). Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is brought about by the interaction between the renal, pulmonary, neuroendocrine, integumentary and gastrointestinal systems (Edward s, 2001). According to (Cook 2005), fluid and electrolyte management is a fundamental aspect of the role of the neuroscience nurse. Artificial feeding and fluids are the options for a patient who has an advanced, life-threatening illness and is dying. The patient, family members and doctor can talk about these options and the benefits and risks (Ackermann 2000). Hydration and electrolyte status are crucial mediators to the extent of the neuro-hormonal response to trauma. Edwards (1998, 2001) highlighted that homeostasis is maintained by a constant movement of water, sodium and potassium between intra- and extracellular compartments. While the movement of water and electrolytes between the cellular compartments is highly significant, it is important to recognize that in acute and chronic illness intracellular fluid (ICF) is reduced and extracellular fluid (ECF) increased almost to the extreme (Edwards, 2001). This is highly relevant for cerebral metabolism, because transport of oxyge n, glucose, proteins and other products for cellular metabolismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ and their by-productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ may be severely impaired. Stroke may affect ones level of alertness, perception of thirst, ability to access liquids, and ability to swallow them when offered. Stroke victims with such impairments may be at increased risk for diuretic-induced dehydration (Churchill et al 2004). Managing hydration balance is of crucial importance and the mechanisms for the adequate monitoring and controls need to be in place. Nursing management questions in the assessment of hydration in acute stroke patients should include whether use of intravenous fluids during the first week of stroke was recorded. Questions should also include whether the patient was fed orally, by nasogastric tube, through percutaneous gastrostomy tube, by intravenous methods or not at all? The fact that these questions can be raised enforces the need for adequate documentation and recording of acute stroke pa tient records. Bhalla et al (2002) says that the use of artificial ventilatory support with intubation or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation should be documented as well as the use of supplemental oxygen given through nasal catheters or masks. Enteral tube feeding is a vital means of feeding and balancing hydration levels in patients with stroke. There are no set standards for hospitals in the UK and hospitals have recorded much variation between them in the timing of the start of enteral tube feeding and whether a nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is used (Ebrahim and Redfern 1999). Some clinicians delay tube feeding for 2 weeks or more, and although early nutrition is unlikely to be harmful, whether any nutritional benefits offset the difficulties and complications of initiating and maintaining early enteral tube feeding is unclear. If the timing or route of enteral tube feeding does affect outcome, the present variation in practice means that large numbers of patients are being denied best treatment. Whether enteral tube feeding via PEG rather than nastrogastric tube or early initiation of enteral tube feeding improve outcomes was tested in the FOOD trials and no evidence of significant benefit from PEG rather than nasogastric tube feeding was found. Neither was any hazard from early tube feeding found (The FOOD collaboration 2003). The explanation for any difference between PEG and nasogastric groups is not clear, but one factor might be the effect of a long-term PEG tube on dependency since more patients in the PEG group were still receiving such tube feeding than in the nasogastric group at follow-up (The FOOD collaboration 2003). The survivors in the PEG group were also more likely to be living in institutions and had lower quality of life. Another intriguing finding was the excess of pressure sores in the PEG group, raising the possibility that those with such tubes might move less or be nursed differently. Wea knesses in this test results include insufficient statistical power to exclude more modest differences between groups; no information about the proportion of eligible patients enrolled in each centre; our use of an informal (although reliable and highly predictive) assessment of nutritional status; absence of precise monitoring of patients daily intake of nutrients (rather than fluids); absence of on-site source data verification or collection of information on changing nutritional status (e.g. in-hospital weights); possible bias due to masking of secondary outcome measures. Although compliance was not 100%, this fact results from the inevitable difficulties of adhering to rigid schedules when patients conditions change. Difficulties with nasogastric feeding in stroke patients (who are often confused and uncooperative) have led to increasing use of PEG tubes at an early stage. Enthusiasm for this method has been encouraged by the results of a trial that reported much lower case fata lity rates in patients fed via PEG (13%) rather than nasogastric tube (57%) (The FOOD trial collaboration 2003). Due to significant alterations in fluid balance after enteral tube-feeding in patients, close attention to the recording of fluid balance such as intake/output measurements, body weights and simple bedside assessments is needed to detect fluid imbalances and other serious complications at an early stage (Oh and Seo 2007). One explanation for the varying and inconsistent readings in fluid hydration between enteral and PEG might b Stroke patients and the impacts of stroke on life Difficulty with swallowing is a common problem in acute stroke patients, and can lead to aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, and exacerbation of any existing malnutrition (Finestone and Greene-Finestone 2003). In Oh and Seo (2007) the authors set out to examine the fluid and electrolyte complications after enteral tube feeding in acute brain infarction patients. The background is that inconsistencies in the results of the water and electrolyte complications associated with enteral tube feeding are partly because of uncontrolled disease-related variables. The implication is that these variables were not adequately managed. Stroke patients very often present with dysphagia and this is very commonly dehydration associated with undernutrition (The Food Trial 2005). Up to half of stroke patients in hospital have dysphagia, which precludes safe oral nutrition for the first few days and can persist for long periods (Mann et al 1999). Although a 50% prevalence can be considered to be high, th e nutritional/fluid status of a stroke patient can rapidly deteriorate in hospital. The difficulty in feeding stroke patients with dysphagia coupled with the discomfort associated with stroke can exacerbate undernutrition and/or dehydration. Studies show that undernutrition shortly after admission is independently associated with increased case fatality and poor functional status at 6 months (The FOOD trial collaboration 2003). The current financial burden of efficiency savings and reduced budgets in the NHS hospitals results in reduced staff numbers so that patients can not be attended to on a one-on-one basis so that ensuring appropriate hydration levels is done by periodic but regular monitoring of charts. An option for the future in this area may be to involve the patients family members in hydration monitoring and provide them with appropriate training if evidence can show that being around loved ones improves outcomes and early warnings. In acute stroke, artificial nutrition t hrough an enteral route is needed because of dysphagia and since oral feeding is unsafe in some dysphagic patients, enteral nutrition is often administered as nasogastric or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube feeding (Finestone and Greene-Finestone 2003). Naso-gastric tube feeding (a prevalent enteral method) has been reported to improve clinical outcomes more than the parenteral route in brain-injured patients (Rhoney et al 2002). Oh and Seo (2007) in their study used 85 subjects, but their work was limited by the fact that it was performed retrospectively and some of the subjects records were incomplete. Also, because the patients in the study were from one hospital it is not conclusively known whether the results can be generalised to the whole population./p Legal and other aspects Japanese physicians attitudes towards artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) as a life-sustaining treatment (LST) were examined to find out if they withhold or withdraw the LST when treating older adults with stroke-caused profound impairment with no hope for recovery. The study findings show that the informants held different views towards LST because most doctors considered ANH to be indispensable and ANH is automatically provided to patients (Aita and Kai 2006). With the advancement of medical technology, decisions to withhold or withdraw LST are among the most difficult to make for health professionals (British Medical Association 2001). Physicians caring for stroke patients often encounter comatose or semi-comatose patients with severe stroke for whom it is difficult to determine whether or not to continue care (Asplund and Britton, 1989). By administering LST, some patients in this patients group, whose bodily functions other than brain function could remain stable, could pot entially survive for months or years without achieving awareness or being able to interact with others (Aita et al 2008). Certain Japanese physicians have criticized the current efforts regarding life prolonging as Aita et al (2008) states: Prolonging the process of dying like this constitutes the violation of dignity and human rights. The life-prolongation only serves hospital operators who want to make profits by keeping hospital beds occupied. They also said this practice impacted the carers and that some nurses also feel emptiness toward the manipulative life-prolongation when taking care of these elderly patients. In the West, some countries have worked out nation-wide guidelines related to withholding or withdrawing LST that say stroke-caused profound impairment with no hope for recovery is a potential reason to withhold or withdraw LST (British Medical Association, 2001). Ackermann (2000) believes withholding and withdrawing therapy challenge family physicians to be excellent communicators with patients and families and recommends that family physicians should continue to be strong advocates for dying patients. Sprung et al (2003) highlighted differences between withholding and withdrawing therapy showing that withdrawal of therapy is followed by a nearer and more rapid death than withholding therapy, and that physicians and nurses were more inclined towards withholding rather than withdrawing therapy. Food and water are considered symbols of caring (Ackermann, 2000), therefore, it may be natural for physicians to give a special status to ANH as food and water. Whether to withdraw ANH from a patient in persistent vegetative state has also drawn substantial media attention in the U.S. (Casarett et al., 2005; Ganzini, 2006). The findings of the study also suggest that the physicians double standard is partly based on their subjective judgment whether the treatment is ordinary or extraordinary. However, the standard of ordinary/extraordinary care has long been criticized as too vague to guide decision-makers in the U.S. (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). It is believed the current legal framework has also inappropriately led some physicians to simply continue care regardless of the patients conditions, thus resulting in putting an unnecessary burden on patients. The physicians subjective interpretation of the current legal framework may lead to decisions not to initiate mechanical ventilation in some older adults for fear of facing a situation in which physicians cannot withdraw it at a later stage Conclusion Hypovolemia and hypervolemia occurred frequently after acute stroke but were often not recognized as such by nurses. The nurses predictions of current volume status do not seem sufficiently reliable to serve as a basis for therapeutic decisions. More advanced techniques for bedside assessment of volume status may be indicated for optimizing volume status in patients with acute stroke (Hoff et al 2004). Whereas studies have looked at the optimal method of improving hydration, whether correcting dehydration in stroke improves outcome is not very clear. Given the complexity of the cell death cascade following brain ischemia, novel approaches and combination therapy are inevitable for victims of stroke (Fisher and Brott 2003). The review indicates that standards vary from country to country in the legal framework for withdrawing and withholding hydration and nutrition during end stage care.

The Truth About Nuclear Power Free Essays

Nuclear technology has been the cause of more worry than hope. Since its very beginnin g humankind has exploited it for purposes of war rather than for the progress of humankind, but how good is nuclear power for the human race and the environment? By definition of the Merriam -Webster dictionary nuclear means â€Å"of , relating to, or powered by nuclear energy† and energy means â€Å"usable power (such as heat or electricity)†, therefore nuclear energy means usable power powered by nuclear energy â€Å". The reasons behind my choosing of this topic are because few know how nuclear really works and how good it is. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truth About Nuclear Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nuclear energy is the source of energy of the future therefore it is something that must concern us in terms of how safe it is for us as humans. Nations like china already have started very ambitious nuclear power plant projects that they hope can give them advantage in the future and I believe that very soon it won’t be just china but the whole world that will have this technology but the question still remains how good is it? All literature cited in this paper has been selected through means of internet and none of it through hard copy books Nuclear Energy At this point in time nuclear energy is something that is still unknown to most of the world, especially the third world. As of now only thirty -one countries in the whole world have nuclear power plants. Reasons for this that I am going to explain are three which are: Disposal of nuclear waste, dramatic accidents that have occurred and the mos t important reason is cost.  Nuclear waste is one of the three big factors preventing nations from considering using nuclear energy. According to the Merriam -Webster dictionary nuclear waste is † radioactive waste material, for example from the use or reprocessing of nuclear fuel†. The reason nuclear waste is such a big problem is that high level radioactive chemicals such as plutonium and uranium act as nuclear fuel for reactors in a nuclear power station but after they have been used they will produce high levels of radiation that is dangerous when exposed to. Nuclear waste is a problem not only for countries thinking about using nuclear energy but those that already do.Nations like the US and its allies foresaw this problem early on and have been making deals with smaller nations to pay them for storing their nuclear waste. Other methods of taking care of nuclear waste include encasing it in glass and putting it deep underground, and also storing it in specially made nuclear waste storage facilities. High level nuclear waste usually takes 40 to 50 years before its radiation levels have gone down to low. The second factor that makes it hard for nations to adopt nuclear power are  dramatic accidents that have occurred in the past due to nuclear power plants. There have been three majors accidents regarding nuclear power in the past with Chernobyl in 1986 , Three -mile island in 1979, and Fukushima in 2011. These three accidents caused much damage to their surrounding ecosystems and caused international shock. The Chernobyl Accident Around 31 years ago, in the soviet state of Ukraine, specifically the city of Chernobyl an accident caused the destruction of the of the Chernobyl 4 reactor. The exact nature of this accident has been a point of argument for many researchers and scientist globally but the most used says that April 25 1986 was a day that was scheduled for testing how long turbines would spin and supply power to the main circulating pumps following a loss of main electrical power supply. It turns out the operator made a series of unsound decisions such as leaving the automatic shutdown mechanisms disabled which left the reactor in an extremely unstable condition. When the operator came back to attempt and enable the mechanisms, the reactor was way too unstable. When the operator began by entering the control rods, it caused a dramatic power surge which led to a series of radioactive explosions which killed 2 workers instantly and a further 28 where killed in the weeks following the explosion. Three – Mile Island Accident In 1979, March 28 was the date of another nuclear accident on the three -mile island in Pennsylvania, United States. It is still largely unknown what exactly happened on that day and much of it is still speculation but the official story says that around 4 a.m. prevented the pumps from pumping water into the steam generators which meant that the cooling system had failed that led to the reactor automatically shutting down and the pressure in the primary system increased and the valve was supposed to contain the pres sure until it had lowered but it got stuck and the operators heard the alarm and thought they should cut off the emergency water supply unaware that the problem was the water being stuck already. Without any water the core overheated. Fukushima Acc ident Following the major earthquake in japan on 2011, a 15 -meter tsunami disabled the power and cooling supply of the Fukushima Daiichi reactors which had been built in the 60s. All three cores largely melted in the first three days. Cost The last reason why nations have a hard time adopting nuclear power is that there is way too much cost that goes with it. A single nuclear power station is $9 billion which is more than 50% of the GDP of many countries around the world not to mention the c osts of upkeep and the level of security needed. Conclusion Nuclear power may be the technology of the future and that is where I say we should leave it because as of now it is not practical for many countries around the globe because of the risks and costs associated with it. We should wait a little before we endeavour on this course. References Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nrc.gov/reading -rm/doc -collections/fact -sheets/3mile -isle.html The Cost of Nuclear Power. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear – power/cost -nuclear -power Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.merriam -webster.com/dictionary/energy GCSE Bitesize: Radioactive waste. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/energy_resources/nu clear_radiationsrev4.shtml Radioactive waste management (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.world – nuclear.org/information -library/nuclear -fuel -cycle/nuclear -wastes/radioactive -waste – management.aspx Fukushima Accident (n.d.) . Retrieved from http://www.world – nuclear.org/information -library/safety -and -security/safety -of- lants/fukushima – accident.aspx Ch ernobyl Accident (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.world – nuclear.org/information -library/safety -and -security/safety -of-plants/chernob yl- accident.aspx Marcum, W., ; Spinrad, B. I. (2018, February 07). Nuclear reactor. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/nu clear -reactor/History -of -reactor – development#ref307286 Martin, W. (2018, July 05). Nuclear power. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear -power Touran, N. (n.d.). What is Nuclear Energy? Retrieved from https://whatisnuclear.com/nuclear -energy.html    How to cite The Truth About Nuclear Power, Papers

Juliets Confrontation with her Parents Essay Example For Students

Juliets Confrontation with her Parents Essay Juliets Confrontation with her Parents in Act 3 Scene 5 is a Pivotal Scene and Begin the Sequence of Events that lead to the Final Tragedy. Analyse Juliets state of mind here, using evidence from the text as a whole. Provide advice for someone directing Juliet in the extract. This play is a tragedy about two lovers from families with a long history of civil brawls between each other. Act 3 scene 5 is a pivotal scene because from this scene onwards, Juliets life begins to change, as does her emotions and feelings. These changes then lead to the final tragedy where both lovers take their own lives. It is important to look at scenes previous to this one, because you cannot understand what her character is like before this pivotal scene without reading how she has reacted in other situations. It is also important to look at how much her character changes in this scene. Also, without reading the whole text, you will not know the dramatic irony, which Juliet has so often used. In Verona society, men held their daughters in a very firm iron grip. Although men would often go out, women had to stay at home. It would be unheard of to have any form of relationship with a boy if they were not married. Fathers would also give their daughters hand in marriage, and they would never make a fuss about it. Verona women were often married to men sometimes 10 years older than themselves and be having children as soon as they could physically bare children. We first meet Juliet in Act 1 Scene 3. From this scene we can see that Juliet is not close to her mother at all. An example of this is when Lady Capulet says Nurse, give leave a while.Nurse come back again. Lines such as she was weaned, I shall never forget it shows that she is more of a mother to Juliet than her own mother is. The nurse also has pet names for Juliet such as Lamb Ladybird and Pretty fool which shows us that she has obviously got to know what she is like throughout her life. Juliet also has no friends to talk to, and so the nurse has become Juliets best friend. However, the nurse has to do as Juliet and Lord and Lady Capulet say, because she is merely a servant. This gets the nurse into several awkward positions, because although she may think that Paris is more of a match to Juliet than Romeo, the nurse still has to secretly arrange their wedding. This is shown by the quote I am the drudge and toil in your delight Act 2 Scene 5. When Lady Capulet asks Juliet How sta nds your disposition to be married Juliet responds, It is an honour I dream not of. This shows that at the beginning of the play, Juliet is still fairly immature. Although Juliet is only 13 (Come Lammas eve at night shall she be 14) Juliet is now older than Lady Capulet was when she gave birth to Juliet. In Act 1 Scene 5, Juliet and Romeo meet for the very first time. Even as Romeo starts talking to Juliet, he begins using religious language to describe her such as this holy shrine. As Romeo shouldnt even be at the ball, he is very conscience of the fact that they are from rival families. Juliet describes the fact that they are meeting and flirting together as a gentle sin, Juliet uses religious language such as Ay, pilgrim, lips they must use in prayer to tease Romeo as he tries (and later succeeds) to kiss her. This use of religious language shows us that Juliet both understands the concept of religion and believes in it. This religious state of mind is important in Act 3 Scene 5 because when Juliet is asked to marry Paris, although she has already secretly married Romeo. If she went ahead with the marriage to keep the peace she would be committing bigamy, and although no-one else would know, she and God would both know that she was already married. Act 2 Scene two is the infamous balcony scene. As Juliet is talking to herself, we hear her say Deny they father and refuse thy name. Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and Ill no longer be a Capulet. Juliet says here that she wishes that she wasnt a Capulet, or Romeo wasnt a Montague because she loves Romeo. Here we can see that Juliet knows that she is in the wrong for being in love with Romeo because of the two families quarrels. Juliet also says to Romeo My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words of thy tongues uttering, yet I know the sound. By saying this she is telling Romeo that although he has spoken less than a hundred words to her, she still feels like she knows him. This is important as it shows that Juliet does believe in love at first sight, at least for Romeo. This is important in her state of mind that she feels that she loves Romeo at this point. This is another reason why Juliet wont marry Paris, because she believes that she is in love with Romeo. Juliet goes on to say If they bent of love be honourable, thy purpose marriage, send me words tomorrow She is saying that if Romeos intention of love is honourable he will want to marry her. Juliet is still thinking about how wrong their secret love is, and if they get married, at least God will not see it as such a sin. Juliet is also thinking that if they get married, maybe the two families will unite, as Juliet will become a Montague and her maiden name will be Capulet. From Act 3 Scene 5 everything seems to go on a downwards spiral for Juliet. After Romeo leaves as the sun rises, her mother comes into her bedroom. Here we find Juliet weeping for Romeo, however she uses many double meanings to pretend to Lady Capulet that she is mourning for Tybalts death. Lady Capulet tells her that crying a little shows that she loved Tybalt, but evermore weeping for your cousins death shows some want of wit. To this, Juliet continues to weep and says no man like he doth grieve my heart. Juliets state of mind here is that, although she knows what Lady Capulet is saying, she is truly too distraught about losing her very first love so quickly that she is inconsolable. No matter what her mother says to her, it isnt going to stop her crying. Hatred and selfishness EssayIf I were to direct this scene, I would have Capulet enter from the same large doors as Lady Capulet came through. He has not heard the shouting that has gone on before hand. As he walks in, Juliet is stood up, still with tears running down her face. As he begins to talk to her, he almost mocks how she is crying still for Tybalt, but in a kind, fatherly way that shows understanding. As he says Have you delivered to her our decree he sounds very optimistic about the joys which lie ahead of him. As Capulet gets delivered the bad news, he starts off more confused, and this quickly develops into anger. As he says unworthy as she is he really starts to explode and walks closer and closer towards Juliet. Juliet already has fear, and takes steps backwards as she tries to calm her father down by twisting her words. At this point Capulet must storm forward even more, with Juliet walking backwards and eventually climbing onto her bed. Lady Capulet must try and step in front of Juliet and Capulet, but not so much that either of them are concerned about her presence. After she has told them to stop, Juliet should drop to her knees on her bed. As she begs with Capulet, Juliet should weakly and childishly try to grab Capulet to hold onto, but he has none of it. It is at this point where he gets very violent. He should use his upstage arm to grab her shoulder. As he says the line or never look me in the face he should violently twist Juliets a face to face him. Juliet then must try and pull away from his grip, but he overpowers her. After giving her shoulder a few hard shakes, Capulet then must pick her up and put her over her shoulder. As he delivers the lines such as Out on her, hiding Juliet is dropped to the floor and she lays there, motionless, crying slightly until Capulet exits. After Juliet has found no sympathy in either Lady Capulet or Lord Capulet, Juliet decides that the Nurse might be the one to offer some support, considering that she knows the whole situation she is bound to me more sympathetic. The nurse has also been like a mother and a best friend to Juliet, so she very much doubts that shell disagree with anything that Juliet says. The nurse lays out the situation to Juliet that Romeo is as good as dead so she is best to forget about him. Also, Paris has green eyes, which was considered a great thing in Verona at that time. Juliet is deeply saddened at the fact that the Nurse does not give Juliet the solace she needs. Juliet decides that she can no longer trust the Nurse. This is because she has always supported their secret relationship and helped them to marry and make sure they were never caught. However, the nurse could have only done this because it was an order from Juliet and she could not disobey someone who was higher up than her. Juliet then decides that she can think for herself. For the very first time she lies to the nurse, saying that she is going to confess her sins to Friar Lawrence. She then comments at the end If all else fail, myself have power to die. Juliets love for Romeo has rapidly changed her from a childish first love to being in a mature relationship. Juliet herself has also matured by this stage, as she now has to consider things such as breaking both Gods law and the Civil law to keep the peace between her family. To act out this scene, Juliets performance must be calm, then hurt. As Lord and Lady Capulet leave, Juliet should almost leap into the nurses arms as the nurse sits onto the bed and Juliet gradually gets up from lying where her father threw her down. Although the Nurse should welcome Juliet into a hug, as she gives her opinion on the situation, Juliet should sit further away from the Nurse as she listens to exactly what she doesnt want to hear. As Juliet says, Well, thou has comforted me marvellous much, Juliet should get up and begin to walk towards the door. At this point, Juliet must walk and open the large doors. She should then look over at the nurse and angrily, yet sadly deliver her lines. As she says If all else fail, I have myself the power to die she should stop being so sad and show a very confident side to Juliet. Overall, looking at the text as a whole we can see a dramatic change in Juliet as a person, and her relationship with Romeo throughout the play where we get to the pivotal scene of Act 3 Scene 5. At first we see Juliet as a very young, immature little girl who is having her future planned out for her, showing little sign of trying to disagree. Then we see her begin to take her life into her own hands more, often with the nurses help however, as Romeo and Juliet desperately try and find a way they can both be together. At the end of Act 3 Scene 5 we see that Juliet has become a completely independent young woman, as she goes against the grain of everything people are trying to tell her to do. She also begins to lie to the nurse who she has always trusted before. All these changes in Juliet happen so fast that they almost create the tragic ending themselves.

Alice And Rabbit Hole Essays - Kingdom Hearts Characters

Alice And Rabbit Hole Like Alice tumbling down the rabbit hole, we don't know where things will lead us. Perpetually falling, landing, trying t claw our way up the slick metallic walls only to lose our grips and fall back into the blackness, on our way back to wonderland. But sadly we never quit get there. I wonder to myself. What are we getting accomplished? Why live just to die? And why do things go so drastically wrong, and then again maybe there not. In this man made and mechanized new wonderland there are now a lot more rabbit holes than the one Alice followed the little white rabbit down. They just come in different shades now. Like different flavors of candy. Inside the hole lies a world full of surprises. Some not every one is truly ready for. But since the technology of our time is, some venture into the strangeness without a clue on what they will find there. Some enter with out the intent on coming out. But don't make it as far down as they would like. Finding them self in a limbo between reality, and an endless wood. But why when you get down to wonderland do you come back forgetting the adventure that you had? Because the machine of modern life can't allow you to remember what has been discovered. Leaving you craving what you once held like a dodo bird croquet stick. "It was all very well to say `Drink me,' but the wise little Alice was not going to do that in a hurry. `No, I'll look first,' she said, `and see whether it's marked "poison" or not'." That bottle that one said "drink me" has been tosses aside for the mushroom and a bottle that says "Budweiser". Thankfully the bottle not marked "poison" or we might remember what's killing us. The mushroom no longer makes you taller than a tree, but it will make you feel that way and now that's all that matters. Wonderland will never get that back. Now a days we let the house of cards fall on us and hope for the "magic" at the bottom of the bottle to help us feel tall again Now people have found ways into wonderland, which were to be forbidden to man. But the binary key has decoded secretes of old. Instead of the white rabbit, the blinking mouse on the computer screen leads the way to wonderland. Information in ones and zeros has been dormant in the forest for only the caterpillar to blow in his smoke, is being spied on by Cheshire cats with Macintosh looking glasses. Sadly the world-wide-web does not have a www.wonderland.com address to take them all to the rabbit's house. The information that should only be over heard during a mad tea party has been infiltrated by a web cam. It must be in the mouse's teapot. Unfortunately, you will never see what the March Hare has found through that lens. Perhaps you need a different looking glass. Holes once restricted to responsible individuals like Indian Shaman have been exploited and widened enough that the ignorant and the naive have stumbled in. Natural stimulants used by holly men of ancient cultures to find the knowledge to heal are now a chemical escape route from reality. Natures keyhole that used to lock away secretes have been pried open by addiction and false hope. Following the leader like oysters following a walrus with a cigar, run around in a caucus race and in a cloud of dependence. The Mushrooms hardly have the same effects as it did on the girl in the blue dress. But then she did not buy them in a plastic bag in the girl's bathroom. The tea on the table is not 70 proof but in wonderland you don't need the drugs to be on the insane side. That why they live in wonderland. What the endless forests of wonderland possess are thing that should be known only to the jaberwalkie and the walrus and the carpenter. Once protected by the fermious bandersnach. The possessions are now being persuaded by Tweeldle Dee and Tweedle Dumb. Countless false Alice's have tripped into the open holes but all come out empty handed. With nothing more than memories that can only expanded away as dreams. The thing that we all search so vigorously for is simple. But it can't be found in wonderland. Disappearing like a striped cat that can stand on his head. Happiness in not to be point

Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam- Case Study Essay Example

Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam- Case Study Paper Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam- Case Study Paper Hewlett Packard Company in Vietnam Case Summary Case John Peter, a Marketing Manager of Hewlett-Packard Asia Pacific (HPAP) was evaluating HPAPs long-term strategic investment options for doing business in Vietnam. Before start up business in Vietnam, John needs to know the current business environment in Vietnam. History, Economic and Politic Environment are important to know about the country whether is stable from others control. Current workforce is important to find the skillful employee when its start up the factory in Vietnam. Foreign exchange and investment regulations are also important to know hether Vietnam market was open to global market or not. Hence, facility in Vietnam such as financial services, communicate services, utilities provider and others also important to start up a factory. Before John want to start up a factory in Vietnam, he has made a business visit to Vietnam and meet with local experience Director to find out the best solution and the possible modes of entry in Vietnam are majority Joint venture with local partner or become independent partner. Problem Statement Listed problem 1 . What strategies that Hewlett-Packard Company should adopt to explore the Vietnam market? 2. What way should Hewlett-Packard Company enter the market? 3. How Hewlett -Packard Company explore the Vietnam market? 4. What are the factors that make the Hewlett-Packard Company so hard to explore the Vietnams market? The main problem statement in this case is What strategies that Hewlett-Packard Company should adopt to explore the Vietnam market? Symptoms 1. In January 1995, Jon has made a business visit to Vietnam and have meeting with local experience director. 2. Vietnam is still new to explore the IT market and its new for the local market. State your problem statement by integrating the problems and looking from a onceptual view. Hewlett-Packard Company is a big company and has its headquarters that located in Singapore. Vietnam is adopted to open the market of Hewlett Packard. The environment and the market analysis show that the information technology market in was uncertain. Alternative Strategies 1 . Joint venture with the local partner. HP can use the Joint venture strategy to enter the Vietnam market. By the Joint venture, it can reduce the risk. It is because the company already familiar with the systems there so the company can perform well in the business. Since there is familiar, so the company can make the decision easily. Therefore it can reduce the risk for the company to avoid any problem. A local Joint-venture partner could be a valuable resource where the relationship was the vital for doing a business. The company can built long lasting business relationship. 2. Independent HP can independently enter the Vietnam market. HP could appoint 1 or more independent organizations as distributors, as well as service and support providers. With the independent, HP can earn a lot of profit. By understand more about the environment and the current market place in Vietnam, and then the company can enter it directly. . Franchising HP Company can do the franchising. Franchising is a strategic alliance between groups of people who have specific relationships and responsibilities with a common goal to dominate the markets. It is because franchising is one of the only means available to access investment capital without the need to give up control in the process. It is also a marketing system for creating an image in the minds of current and future customers about how the companys products and services can help them. Besides, it is the methods for distributing products and services that satisfy ustomer needs. So it is convenient for the HP Company to do the franchising to enter the Vietnam market. Evaluation of Alternative Strategies 1 . Joint-venture with the local partner The positive outcome of this strategy is that the company is easy to adapt to the current market. It is because through the Joint venture, the company is more familiar with the situation of the company there. The negative outcome is that the management system different between the company. So it is hard to make a decision making. It is because there is different opinion of each person. 2. Independent The positive outcome of this strategy is that the company will get more profit. It is because the company no need to share the profits with others company. The negative outcome is that it is more risky. The government will take action to take over the company because there have no acknowledge of the company. 3. Franchising The positive outcome of this strategy is that the company is easy to control the market. It is because through the franchising, the local company needs to get the agreement contract from the main company. The local company can manage the local market well because it has already familiar with the cultural of that country. The negative outcome is that the local company didnt follow the rules that have set by the main company and boycott them because they take control of the business. . Joint venture with Local partner The best strategy to resolve the problem of What strategies that Hewlett-Packard Company should adopt to explore the Vietnam market is Joint venture with local distribute. The Hp Company doesnt know with the environment there so through the Joint-venture, the company can more acknowledge about the policy and the culture of the company. By Joint-venture , it also can save the cost because there is no need the esearch cost for doing any research. Apart from that, from the Joint-venture, there is more opinion and the company can choose the best one. There is more product and the idea is more attractive the Vietnam market. The capital for Joint-venture is low and the risk is also low because the risk is sharing together. 2. Direct Presence To enter Vietnam market, HP could have a direct presence in Vietnam by setting up a subsidiary or representative to provide marketing, sales support, and management services. Regarding to the Vietnam government, they planned for IT-2000 Program o create a national data communications network for almost all government personnel and the financial sector. The government hopes follow in Singapores footsteps and accelerate the countrys entry into high technology. Furthermore, they also provide each secondary school and university student. Thus, HPAP may take this chance to bargain with government to subsidiary HP computers, such as personal computers, minicomputers, RISC workstations, and mainframes enter toVietnam. Since government support HP, it had developed strong reputation and brand identities which will be the tops in Vietnam since the industry is still its infancy and ont have any competitors in the market. Besides, the level of education was comparatively high and there are 70% of the citizen is under 35 years old. Therefore, most of them will need computers to do their stuff. Implementation In the short run, it is easy to see the effect. The outcome is that there is more people to accept and response to the market. It is because the development is expanding very fast. In the long term, there will have the conflict. It is because the people are no agreeing with each others. They have their own opinion and have the different idea of the management.

What does the reading have to say about the relation between theory Research Paper

What does the reading have to say about the relation between theory and practice in Zen Please try not to take what the reading says for granted - Research Paper Example T’an-ching where the precise meaning of t’a that according to Hu Shih is an appeal for more systematic search in Japan for long-hidden T’ang dynasty source materials of the history of Zen Buddhism. It is believed that the monk shen-hui of Ho-use temple that is in the eastern capital would each month make a platform and give sermons to people. Before the platform sutra, there is no instance in that the work that was merely the record of career and sermons of a particular master that was recognised with the name sutra. However, according to Ta-chien bodhisattca monk and his teaching of the platform sutra there is no difference from the Buddha’s preaching of sutra. The monk-disciple recorded his words so that they may be used later in generations to come and offer benefits to students and make them have a pivot of teaching and transmit it among themselves. Connectively, master Hua-neng emphasised that the first thing to do is to purify ones mind and then conc entrate on dharma that has great perfection of wisdom. The master recounts how he was able to join the fifth patriarch in Huang-mei hsien in ch’i-chou that presently has thousand disciples 2. Though a commoner from ling-nan, he was reluctantly accepted, the master preached to them and told them that they had first to look into themselves and write a verse and if the master finds that one of them is awakened to the cardinal meaning them he shall be given a robe and the darma that will make him the sixth patriarch. The disciples gave up and refrained from writing the verse, the priest after much thought decided to write a verse in the midnight secretly without letting anyone see it. At dawn, the fifth patriarch swa the verse and decided for the pictures not to be painted after all quoting words from the diamond sutra that all forms everywhere are unreal and also false. The master burned the in-cense before the verse in the presence of all disciples. He ordered the

Needs & Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Needs & Motivation - Essay Example say will discuss the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory and how it is applied in Southwest according to the â€Å"People† section of 2011 Southwest One Report. Maslow was and industrial psychologist who studied human behavior. He said that human needs can be arranged in a hierarchy as individuals progress from the lower level to the higher level needs. Individuals would be motivated to fulfill whichever needs were important to them at a given time. These needs include self-actualization needs, Ego/esteem needs, socio-affiliation needs, safety/security needs, and physiological needs (Lauby 1). The Southwest satisfies the physiological needs of their employees by putting them first and offering them an opportunity to pursue good health. The need for safety and security is catered for by creating financial security for the employees. The socio-affiliation needs are taken care of by allowing employees to travel and socialize, have fun and stay connected. Making a positive difference caters for the ego and self-esteem needs of the employees. Self-actualization needs are met by allowing employees to learn and grow, create and innovate, and work hard to achieve their goals. The Southwest’s way, of motivating employees, is a good one and if I were one of its employees I would be positively motivated to work harder. I would work to achieve both personal and organizational goals. Putting employees first is a good way of

Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare

Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare ARTHASHASTRA AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN WARFARE AND COUNTERINSURGENCY/COUNTERTERRORISM PHILOSOPHY â€Å"In the happiness of his subjects lies the kings happiness; in their welfare his welfare. He shall not consider as good only that which pleases him but treat as beneficial to him whatever pleases his subjects†¦An archer letting off an arrow may or may not kill a single man, but a wise man using his intellect can kill even reaching unto the very womb.† The Arthashastra INTRODUCTION SITUATING THE ARTHASHASTRA Historical Background 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta[1] was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.[2] The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating the concept of Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East covered most of peninsular India.[3] The empire lasted 150 years until about 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated[4] into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya, and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reappeared in 1904 and was publis hed in English in 1915.[5] 2. Artha[6] of Arthashastra stands for wealth, but it has a much wider significance. As enunciated by Kautilya, wealth of a nation is both the territory of the state and the inhabitants of the state. Thus economics is at the heart of Arthashastra. A healthy economy and loyal subjects can be achieved by having an adequate balance between the treasury of the state and the welfare of the people, was preached by Kautilya. This was to be achieved by maintaining law and order and adequate administrative machinery.[7] Thus the Arthashastra also contains the enforcement of laws (Dandaniti) and the details of the organisation of civil service and duties of state officials.[8] Arthashastra Overview 3. Written about 300 B.C., Kautilyas work was pitched to teach with the various intricacies of governance and politics to the king.[9] Kautilya has covered the subject in depth and offers insights into various spheres of statecraft, war and diplomacy. Kautilya wished his king to become a world conqueror[10] hence his analysis of the types of war, his doctrine of assassination, sowing discord amongst the enemy, use of spies, religion, superstition, along with the use of women to create conflicts in the enemy camp are engrossing and unputdownable.[11] 4. Books of Treatise. The Arthashastra is divided into 15 books, 150 chapters, 180 sections and 6,000 slokas.[12] The books are arranged in a manner that the initial books deal with internal administration and the later books on a states relations with its neighbours. Interestingly, there exists a very prominent mention of the ancient Navy as he has mentioned the ‘superintendent of ships in Book II. He may have foreseen the advantages of a sea borne force and a Navy.[13] 5. Science of Arthashastra. Kautilya believed that a rulers duties included the internal administration of the country, protection of the state from external aggression, maintenance of law and order within the state, and the welfare of the people. New territory had to be acquired by alliance or conquest for the prosperity of the state and also in the political environment existing then, which had many kings, anyone content with his own territory was likely to fall prey to hedgemonistic ambitions of the other. 6. Spectrum of Arthashastra. Kautilya argued that a nation could never achieve prosperity under a foreign ruler; indicating that independence was a pre-requisite for prosperity and economic progress. At the macro level, the Arthashastra covers the entire gamut of human society, the establishment and continuance of a nation state, foreign policy, war, civil law and economics. At the other end of the spectrum, the book delves into the building blocks of a society by clearly defining standardised weights[14], measures and time, values and taxes on commodities[15], metallurgical standards[16], sources of state revenue[17] and a detailed analysis of the composition of an army and forts.[18] 7. National Security. Kautilya insisted that all threats to national security must be eliminated at any cost to the state, while no enemy must be privy to the inner machinations and processes of ones own state â€Å"Like a tortoise, the king (state) shall draw in any limb of his that is exposed.†[19] Internal stability was the harbinger of economic well being. However, to maintain internal and external security, Kautilya proposed a massive network of spies and agents operating within the state and also in surrounding and enemy states. Detailed descriptions of espionage and counter-espionage activities, physical punishments and torture for internal security set this work apart from any other political treatise. 8. The Arthashastra is thus a mixture of both what we applaud today and what we consider to be reprehensible. Kautilya wrote his book about 2300 years ago when extreme forms of governance were commonplace and the primary task of the ruling monarch was primacy of his state and a policy of expansionism. While Kautilya was quite willing to reward those who served the state, he seemed to have an obsession with using the discipline of the laws to make everything in the kingdom ‘just right. In the Arthashastra, everyday life in all its multifarious activities comes in for careful regulation and adjustment, from the ‘cooking pot to the crown.[20] CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 9. The aim of this paper is to study the teachings of Arthashastra in order to determine its relevance and yield insights into military strategy and warfare with emphasis on counter insurgency and counter terrorism. Hypothesis 10. The concepts of defence and war as enunciated by Kautilya are as relevant in the 21st century as it was in the 3rd century BC. Justification for the Study 11. The Arthashastra is essentially a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of internal administration and foreign policy. It has been translated as â€Å"Science of Politics†, â€Å"Treatise on Polity†[21] or the â€Å"Science of Political Economy†.[22] However, the best description of the word comes from Heinrich Zimmer who translates the word as â€Å"Timeless Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War†.[23] 12. Two thousand three hundred years ago, Kautilya compiled the Arthashastra and with it he proved to be a kingmaker as he enabled the inception of the Maurya dynasty. The Arthashastra has endured the test of time and it has since withstood the test of credibility. We will be enriching ourselves if we learn and grasp even a fraction of the wisdom that Kautilya embodied. 13. Our ancient scriptures have been neglected and Western principles and teachings propounded in our literature, including military literature due to ignorance of students and insufficient importance by teachers. 14. Kautilyas treatise enraptures in many ways, the complexity of our current world. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world. The principles of Military strategy followed by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. 15. Study of his military strategy will throw some light on the in-depth knowledge of warfare in ancient India and will provide important lessons for conventional and unconventional warfare in the modern world, besides enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers. The lecture by Dr Gopalji Malviya, sparked the inquisitiveness and determination to study the Arthashastra. Scope 16. The scope of this paper is restricted to the study and analysis of the aspects related to warfare as enunciated by Kautilya. The study does not include his precepts on the social, political and economical structure of an ideal state. Though Kautilya has treated foreign policy as an important part of warfare, only brief mention where necessary would be made. The famous Mandala theory[24] has hence been consciously left out. Also the actual battle fighting and formations described in detail have been omitted to maintain focus on strategy. The study will cover the relevance of Arthashastra and its importance for modern warfare, counter insurgency and counter terrorism. 17. Though a sincere effort has been made to cover the relevance, trying to expound on Kautilyas immense wisdom presents a remarkable challenge. Therefore, throughout this dissertation the work of Kautilya is quoted to speak for itself. Methods of Data Collection 18. There are a number of books written on Arthashastra. Though some books are in Sanskrit and some are literal translations, some books are available in college library on the Arthashastra notably by LN Rangarajan, R Shamashastry, MV Krishna Rao and Roger Boeshe. Some data is also available on the internet and journals. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the paper. Likely sources include the following:- (a) Books written by eminent authors as mentioned above. (b) Papers submitted by researchers. (c) Information available over the internet. (d) Discussions with teachers and professors of history. Dr Gopalji Malviya was gracious enough to grant some valuable time for a ‘one on one discussion. His encouragement, advice and passion for the subject made the research meaningful. Organisation of the Dissertation 19. The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapters one and two deal with introducing the subject and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- (a) Chapter III Principles of military strategy in Arthashastra. (b) Chapter IV Relevance in 21st century conventional warfare. (c) Chapter V Relevance in fourth generation warfare. (d) Chapter VI Conclusion. CHAPTER III PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY STRATEGY IN ARTHASHASTRA 20. Kautilya has enunciated many military strategies in the Arthashastra. Most importantly he does not seem to have made much distinction between military strategy and that of statecraft. He believed that warfare is an extension and an integral part of statecraft.[25] He has covered an array of strategies over a vast canvas from the actual fighting and planning, to training and deceit. Some of these will be discussed in this chapter. Planning a Campaign 21. Kautilyas most striking doctrine is his discussion of planning a campaign -â€Å"The activity of one setting out on a campaign deals with the factors to be taken into account before the king (state) decides that it is in the states interest to commence the campaign†.[26] Kautilya brings out the various facets of planning a campaign. He enunciates eight factors which are to be critically considered for determining whether a campaign would end in success, prior to making preparations for war. The factors that he considered for a successful campaign included Power (military, intellectual and morale), place and time, revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Few of the factors are discussed below:- (a) Power. According to Kautilya, the most important factor is of power. Power included the military might, and the economic strength of the adversary, and also the intellectual power, and t the ability of the enemy to carry out a objective analysis and not to be swayed by emotion or opinions. He even lists out the order of the three constituents of power to be Intellectual power, Military might and Enthusiasm and morale in the decreasing order of importance. Kautilya says that though the mightier king may be endowed with better war machinery and that he can buy heroic fighters, the Power of good analysis and judgement (which include intelligence and the knowledge of politics the two eyes of the king) are superior to sheer military strength. The operational ‘fFactor of fForce as spelt out in present day warfare encompasses the tangible (personnel, weapons, mobility, fire power and logistics) and the intangible elements (leadership, morale, discipline, training, doctrine and mo tivation).)[27] The human element that is the power of good counsel and intellectual power has been given the highest importance by Kautilya, unlike modern thinkers who give more importance to the military might. The intangible human elements are difficult to quantify and hence tend to tilt the balance if not correctly assessed. Hence to compare two opponents as emphasised inemphasised in the Arthashastra ,Arthashastra, their power in all aspects needs to be compared.[28] Kautilya gives least importance to morale but adds that ‘Tthe night before the battle is to be used for preparing for battle and building up the morale[29] of troops.[30] (b) Place/Terrain[31]. The next important factor to be considered is the place andplace and the terrain.[32] Employment of infantry, horses, elephants and chariots have been given the due importance with respect to terrain[33]. He has articulated that the land being used for conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations. This terrain is a smaller manifestation of the operational ‘Factor of Space. as given in the present day references on Operational Factors. The present day conventional warfare propagates that the free movement of ones forces and the space available are crucial for success in war. An example of denial of space is the concept of Blockade. Thus the importance of space was evident to Kautilya except the new concept of cyberspace. However his postulate that on each kind of space the king should undertake such works to increase his power[34] is still relevant. (c) Time/Campaigning Season. Kautilya has laid stress on timing[35] and selection of season for an expedition. He recommends that the climate and the time or duration of a campaign (day, night, fortnight, month, season) is of great importance. His concept of space is replicated as he articulates that the time of conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations.[36] He also states the various kinds of warfare and weapons to be used in different seasons . ‘An army consisting mostly of elephants should be used in rains or when plenty of water is available, camels and horses may be used in little rain or areas with muddy water.[37] The operational factors in modern warfare give serious consideration to the factor of time. Time has further been divided into preparation time, warning time, reaction time, decision cycle time etc. Durations of the campaign and the interval between two consecutive operations should beare kept short to be maintain a high tempo. This is brought out by Kautilya when he recommends that ‘whenever the king is superior, he shall not waste any time and should proceed against the enemy whenever by doing so the enemy can be weakened or crushed. Due to new technologies the pace of thein present day warfare new technologies are enlarging the area of combat is growing and at the same time compressing the time factor is being compressed. Thus tThe critical evaluation of time, and the various weather parameters and advices such as theand terms for planningfor planning a long, medium and short war as given in the Arthashastra remain relevant even today. (d) Troop Mobilisation. He Kautilya lays down the criterias in great detail which are required for mobilising each kind of troops. like Tthe standing army, is to be chosen if the threat is great and from well trained troops, however the territorial army is to be chosen if the enemy is weak. Tthe militia or is to be mobilised if the enemy is weak and it is only a law and order problem. Ffriendly or allied forces. are to be used when the king and the ally have the same objective. Without any remorse he adds that the jungle tribes should be used when there is a gain to the king, whether they win or lose in fighting the enemy ‘Just as a Chandala stands to benefit when a wild dog fights a wild boar. Combat potential concept in the present day concepts operational art states that combat potential is converted into Combat power by mobilisation of troops and start of conflict.[38] Even Kautilya has rightly emphasised the importance of troops and thus their bearing on the factor of for ce. Kautilya prefers an army of trained Kshatriyas[39] or a large force composed of Sudras and Vaishyas[40]. He was the first Indian statesman to consider the lower castes to fight wars. (e) Other factors. The other factors he discusses in planning include the revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Thus Kautilya has also brought out the fact which present day planners also abide by; of not planning or initiating military action without adequate forces and in the presence of unreasonable military or political constraints. Though most planning is valid only till the first contact with the enemy, still a complex almost mathematical analysis of gains and losses was carried out to justify going to war. (f) Power Place Time relation. The relationship of power, place and time to wage a war had various interpretations during that period. However Kautilya has clearly enunciated that though each of these components is important, none is more important than the other and all are interdependent. The fact that Kautilya understood the concept of space-time-force relationship and dynamics is a revelation. He postulated that only when the king finds that he is superior in power space and time shall he proceed against the enemy. â€Å"Force is important for a campaign; just as the collision of an unbaked mud-vessel with a similar vessel is destructive to both, so war with an equal king brings ruin to both†¦place (space) is important as a dog, seated in a convenient place, can drag a crocodile and a crocodile in low ground can drag a dog†¦time is critical as during the daytime the crow kills the owl and at night the owl the crow.†[41]His analysis of Force-Space-Time in the quot e shows that the correct forces need to be deployed in the correct terrain at a time of their choosing for maximum effect. The analogy of the crocodile being dragged by a dog would refer to a vastly superior force being inexorably drawn away from their base into an area of operations that is favourable to the smaller enemy (large conventional forces fighting insurgents in urban areas). All the factors listed by Kautilya need to be considered whilst planning a modern day conventional or unconventional campaign. Internal Security 22. Physical Security. The security of own kingdom consisted of physical security and also the capability to prevent treachery, revolts and rebellion.[42] The frontier post and forts (consisting of mountains, rivers, jungle and deserts) provided physical security. The details of fortifications are placed at the Appendix _______. Thus the importance given to internal security was immense. Demobilisation of troops was carried out in times of peace to save money and they were mobilised again for conquests. However the forces guarding the forts, royal property and the kings own guards were never disbanded, thus ensuring the importance of internal security. Besides Kautilya was extremely wary of revolts, rebellion and the ability of spies trying to influence the people by wrong newstreachery. 23. Control Over Army. Various means were utilised by the king to maintain control over his army including the Chiefs of Army such as paying them well, keeping them under surveillance and testing their integrity to prevent any rebellion.. Some of these measures including shrewd and ruthless ones are enumerated below:- (e) They were paid well to prevent them from being tempted by bribes by the enemy. (f) They were kept under surveillance of clandestine agents, especially to see that they did not succumb to the instigations of the enemy. (g) Their integrity was tested to weed out the cowardly. Also the (h) Tthe wings of the Army were kept under the control of more than one chief so that mutual fear and suspicion would ensure their loyalty. (i) 24. (a) Those suspected of treachery were posted to remote areas while their families were kept in the capital as hostages. Imperativeness of Security. Kautilya believed that offensive action is based on defensive power. His insistence of for internal security clearly underlined underlines the fact that before forces are committed to the main task all own vital and vulnerable targets should be secured. In fact he even advices the king to keep the treasury and army under his control. In case of a threat of revolt, Kautilya advices the king,not to remain behind in the capital and to allow his Commander to lead a campaign and to leave it to his Commander and remain behind in the capital, .in case of a threat of revolt. 24. This coupled with the fact that he attached great importance to controlling his army brings out the fact that internal security must be the sound foundation for a successful campaign. 25. Threat of Coup. Kautilya advised the king not to leave military matters entirely to others and be involved in it. He paid great importance to the training of the army and to the loyalty of the soldiers. Towards this he advocated the use of spies especially from threat of a coup. Kautilya recommended that â€Å"secret agents, prostitutes, artisans and actors as well as elders of the army should ascertain with diligence, the loyalty or disloyalty of soldiers†.[43] Types of Warfare 26. According to Kautilya, the king had two main responsibilities which included the protection of own state from external aggression and enlargement of territory by conquest[44]. He thought there was a ‘science of warfare, presumably part of a larger science of politics. [45] Kautilya has described four types of War[46] as follows:- (a) Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel. This is the exercise of diplomacy to win wars. This is to be utilised when the king is in a weaker position and engaging in battle would not be wise or beneficial. (b) Prakasayuddha or Open Warfare. This is the form of normal warfare which follows all laid down rules of fighting a battle. Open warfare, Kautilya declared, is ‘most righteous,'[47] but he was willing to use any and all kinds of warfare to achieve consolidation and expansion of the kingdom. Kautilya advised the king that â€Å"When he is superior in troops, and when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting.†[48] This was quite unlike the teachings in the Indian epics which emphasised the Dharmayudha or ethical warfare. (c ) Kutayuddha or Concealed Warfare. This form of warfare includes psychological warfare and treachery in the enemys camp. Also known as Guerrilla warfare.[49] The Chinese civil war by the Peoples Liberation Army, the Vietcong in the Vietnam war, the Kosovo Liberation Army in Kosovo are examples of using mobile military tactics to defeat a stronger force. and guerrilla warfare. (d) Gudayuddha or Clandestine / Silent War. This type of war is waged by covert means to achieve the objective. It includes means to win without fighting the battle by means such as assassinating the enemy. Also called silent war, it is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his ministers—and unknowingly, the people—all act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and spreading propaganda and disinformation.[50] Roger Boesche has said in his book on Arthashastra that â€Å"silent war is a kind of fighting that no other thinker I know of has discussed†.[51] The assassination of Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi carried out towards furthering separatist movements are examples of this kind of warfare. In silent warfare, secrecy is paramount, and, from a passage quoted earlier, t he king can prevail only by â€Å"maintaining secrecy when striking again and again.†[52] Military Organisation 27. The military organisation is covered in great detail in Arthashastra. Maintenance of the states armies, troops and the organisational structure[53] of various components are still valid. The organisation was based on the number ten[54] and as today we follow the relationship of three. In the olden days since space was limited, it was perhaps possible to have a commander controlling ten subordinate commanders.[55] 28. Managing the Army. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army which include not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale etc. Kautilya states that armies should never be abandoned, left leaderless or totally merged into someone elses army.ItThe army should always have adequate reinforcements[56]. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army. He includes many factors such as not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale, an angry army, a dispersed one, having to fight in an unsuitable terrain or season, an army which has been encircled, obstructed or cut off from reinforcements and supplies and most importantly one without leaders. He makes an incisive observation when he states that an unhonoured army, an unpaid army an exhausted army will fight if honoured, paid and allowed to relax respectively but a dishonoured army with resentment in its heart will not do so. H e further gives importance to leadership qualities by stating that an army repulsed will fight if rallied by heroic men unlike an army abandoned by its chief. This is as true today, even in the age of C4ISR. and where troops or ships are spread across the globe. It is an accepted fact that in the absence of an inspired leader victory goes to the stronger (numerically superior) side. He also adds that even if the army faces extreme reverses like loss of capital or death of a commander it will still fight unless they are cut off from their king and leader. He stated the pre requisite for an effective leader which is true even today that he should keep in mind two fundamental elements, the mission and the people. The king is advised to guard his army against troubles created by the enemy and told to strike at the weak points of the enemys army similar to the critical vulnerabilities in JOPP. Algorithim of Victory. 29. When two kings are at war, he advises his king to sue for peace with a stronger king, accept the peace offer of a equally strong king and to destroy the weaker king.[57] He justifies going to war by the natural enemy concept[58] which states that if the conqueror does not eliminate the enemy, the enemy will eliminate him. After victory it is vitally important to consolidate on newly acquired territory so as to be able to embark on further conquests. He clarifies that a defeated army should never be harassed to the point of making it so desperate that it will return to fight with vengeance.[59] Oligarchies / Coalitions 30. A whole section is dedicated to oligarchies or confederacy. In the present world such a communion is exhibited by coalition forces. While accepting that these coalitions are strong entities he frames various means to fight and put up resistance against them. As an oligarchy is defined as a unassailable cohesive unit, sowing dissension, using deceit, treachery and playing on the differences amongst them has been suggested as measures to defeat them. In the present world, the attempt to break the coalition by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is an example of this tactics.[60] Strategies for Weak King 31. Kautilya has written extensively on the response of a weak king when being attacked by a stronger king. When confronted by a superior power Kautilya advices the weak king to find a way to survive to fight another day, preserving â€Å"his body, not wealth; for, what regret can there be for wealth that is impermanent?†[61] Kautilya did not however expect the weak king to give in to the conqueror without a fight and recommended various measures which included use of ‘diplomatic or concealed warfare and instigating a revolt in the enemy camp.As a desperate measure he even advocated a powerful speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments to be given to the superior king. People and Popular Support 32. Kautilya maintained that people were more important than forts and armies. As he put it, â€Å"one should only seek a fortress with men.†[62] Kautilya urged the king to be popular with the people and to endeavour to secure the welfare of his subjects. The Arthashastra has emphasised on not causing harm even to the subjects of the enemy king. In fact extra ordinary measures are recommended to win over the people of the enemy land. Their customs had to be respected and their gods had to be revered by the new king. After the war, carrying away loot was forbidden. 33. The important six fold foreign policy[63] has been left out due to dissertation restrictions. The gamut of strategies from the planning aspects, the types of war to the very crucial support of the people will be will be contextually examined for their relevance in the next chapters. CHAPTER IV RELEVANCE IN 21ST CENTURY CONVENTIONAL WARFARE 34. Realist School. In this chapter the present day conventional warfare will be examined as seen through the prism of Kautilya. Kautilya is widely known to have preached the Realist School of thought which advised rulers to maximise power through political rather than military means. He preached that the ends justified the means including the use of ruse, deceit[64], cunning and subterfuge[65]. However Kautilya has discussed conventional warfare in great detail and has also given the option of frontal attack on the enemy.[66] 35. Role and Mission. In an increasingly complex world, the missions of the armed forces are correspondingly more diverse and complex than ever before. In times of peace and tension, the armed forces are a powerful instrument of the nations foreign policy.[67] In times of crisis and conflict, they are the foremost expression of the nations will and intent. Suffice to say that the expectations of a nation from its military are diverse and wide-ranging. Therefore, modern warfare is not restricted to war alone. Rather, they encompass the military, political, economic and the diplomatic aspects. 36. Nature of War. War or conflict has two different characteristics. One, which represents progress and change, and the other, which represents constancy and permanency. On one hand, the dynamics of progress and change depend much upon a commanders imagination, innovativeness, grasp of technology and complexity. While on the other, the Arthashastra is testimony to the constant and unchanging nature of war. Studies of military history show that certain features constantly recur; that certain relations between type of action and success often remain the same; that certain circumstances and moments have time and time again, proved decisive. Past being the prologue of future, underscores the relevance and significance of studies of military history such as propagated by the Arthashastra. Joint Intelligence Preparation of Operational Environment 37. Factor of Space. The r Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare Impact of Arthashastra on Modern Warfare ARTHASHASTRA AND ITS RELEVANCE IN MODERN WARFARE AND COUNTERINSURGENCY/COUNTERTERRORISM PHILOSOPHY â€Å"In the happiness of his subjects lies the kings happiness; in their welfare his welfare. He shall not consider as good only that which pleases him but treat as beneficial to him whatever pleases his subjects†¦An archer letting off an arrow may or may not kill a single man, but a wise man using his intellect can kill even reaching unto the very womb.† The Arthashastra INTRODUCTION SITUATING THE ARTHASHASTRA Historical Background 1. Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta[1] was the key advisor to and the genius behind the strategy undertaken by the king Chandra Gupta Maurya (317-293 B.C.) who stopped the advance of Alexander the Greats successors and introduced the Golden Age of India.[2] The Mauryan kingdom united and amalgamated the Indian sub-continent into a single entity for the first time, thus creating the concept of Indian nationhood. The Mauryan Empire extended from the Persian border in the West to Burma in the East covered most of peninsular India.[3] The empire lasted 150 years until about 180 BC, after which the empire dissociated[4] into several fragments. Kautilya was the chancellor to Chandra Gupta Maurya, and he composed the Arthashastra to counsel a ruler on how to defeat ones enemies and rule for the general good. The Arthashastra was very influential in ancient India up to the 12th century AD, when it faded from the public eye. The text, however, reappeared in 1904 and was publis hed in English in 1915.[5] 2. Artha[6] of Arthashastra stands for wealth, but it has a much wider significance. As enunciated by Kautilya, wealth of a nation is both the territory of the state and the inhabitants of the state. Thus economics is at the heart of Arthashastra. A healthy economy and loyal subjects can be achieved by having an adequate balance between the treasury of the state and the welfare of the people, was preached by Kautilya. This was to be achieved by maintaining law and order and adequate administrative machinery.[7] Thus the Arthashastra also contains the enforcement of laws (Dandaniti) and the details of the organisation of civil service and duties of state officials.[8] Arthashastra Overview 3. Written about 300 B.C., Kautilyas work was pitched to teach with the various intricacies of governance and politics to the king.[9] Kautilya has covered the subject in depth and offers insights into various spheres of statecraft, war and diplomacy. Kautilya wished his king to become a world conqueror[10] hence his analysis of the types of war, his doctrine of assassination, sowing discord amongst the enemy, use of spies, religion, superstition, along with the use of women to create conflicts in the enemy camp are engrossing and unputdownable.[11] 4. Books of Treatise. The Arthashastra is divided into 15 books, 150 chapters, 180 sections and 6,000 slokas.[12] The books are arranged in a manner that the initial books deal with internal administration and the later books on a states relations with its neighbours. Interestingly, there exists a very prominent mention of the ancient Navy as he has mentioned the ‘superintendent of ships in Book II. He may have foreseen the advantages of a sea borne force and a Navy.[13] 5. Science of Arthashastra. Kautilya believed that a rulers duties included the internal administration of the country, protection of the state from external aggression, maintenance of law and order within the state, and the welfare of the people. New territory had to be acquired by alliance or conquest for the prosperity of the state and also in the political environment existing then, which had many kings, anyone content with his own territory was likely to fall prey to hedgemonistic ambitions of the other. 6. Spectrum of Arthashastra. Kautilya argued that a nation could never achieve prosperity under a foreign ruler; indicating that independence was a pre-requisite for prosperity and economic progress. At the macro level, the Arthashastra covers the entire gamut of human society, the establishment and continuance of a nation state, foreign policy, war, civil law and economics. At the other end of the spectrum, the book delves into the building blocks of a society by clearly defining standardised weights[14], measures and time, values and taxes on commodities[15], metallurgical standards[16], sources of state revenue[17] and a detailed analysis of the composition of an army and forts.[18] 7. National Security. Kautilya insisted that all threats to national security must be eliminated at any cost to the state, while no enemy must be privy to the inner machinations and processes of ones own state â€Å"Like a tortoise, the king (state) shall draw in any limb of his that is exposed.†[19] Internal stability was the harbinger of economic well being. However, to maintain internal and external security, Kautilya proposed a massive network of spies and agents operating within the state and also in surrounding and enemy states. Detailed descriptions of espionage and counter-espionage activities, physical punishments and torture for internal security set this work apart from any other political treatise. 8. The Arthashastra is thus a mixture of both what we applaud today and what we consider to be reprehensible. Kautilya wrote his book about 2300 years ago when extreme forms of governance were commonplace and the primary task of the ruling monarch was primacy of his state and a policy of expansionism. While Kautilya was quite willing to reward those who served the state, he seemed to have an obsession with using the discipline of the laws to make everything in the kingdom ‘just right. In the Arthashastra, everyday life in all its multifarious activities comes in for careful regulation and adjustment, from the ‘cooking pot to the crown.[20] CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem 9. The aim of this paper is to study the teachings of Arthashastra in order to determine its relevance and yield insights into military strategy and warfare with emphasis on counter insurgency and counter terrorism. Hypothesis 10. The concepts of defence and war as enunciated by Kautilya are as relevant in the 21st century as it was in the 3rd century BC. Justification for the Study 11. The Arthashastra is essentially a treatise on the art of government and specially focuses on aspects of internal administration and foreign policy. It has been translated as â€Å"Science of Politics†, â€Å"Treatise on Polity†[21] or the â€Å"Science of Political Economy†.[22] However, the best description of the word comes from Heinrich Zimmer who translates the word as â€Å"Timeless Laws of Politics, Economy, Diplomacy and War†.[23] 12. Two thousand three hundred years ago, Kautilya compiled the Arthashastra and with it he proved to be a kingmaker as he enabled the inception of the Maurya dynasty. The Arthashastra has endured the test of time and it has since withstood the test of credibility. We will be enriching ourselves if we learn and grasp even a fraction of the wisdom that Kautilya embodied. 13. Our ancient scriptures have been neglected and Western principles and teachings propounded in our literature, including military literature due to ignorance of students and insufficient importance by teachers. 14. Kautilyas treatise enraptures in many ways, the complexity of our current world. The problems that existed then, persist in a more widespread and magnified manner in the contemporary world. The principles of Military strategy followed by Kautilya are also relevant in the contemporary world. 15. Study of his military strategy will throw some light on the in-depth knowledge of warfare in ancient India and will provide important lessons for conventional and unconventional warfare in the modern world, besides enhancing understanding and pride in our country and its thinkers. The lecture by Dr Gopalji Malviya, sparked the inquisitiveness and determination to study the Arthashastra. Scope 16. The scope of this paper is restricted to the study and analysis of the aspects related to warfare as enunciated by Kautilya. The study does not include his precepts on the social, political and economical structure of an ideal state. Though Kautilya has treated foreign policy as an important part of warfare, only brief mention where necessary would be made. The famous Mandala theory[24] has hence been consciously left out. Also the actual battle fighting and formations described in detail have been omitted to maintain focus on strategy. The study will cover the relevance of Arthashastra and its importance for modern warfare, counter insurgency and counter terrorism. 17. Though a sincere effort has been made to cover the relevance, trying to expound on Kautilyas immense wisdom presents a remarkable challenge. Therefore, throughout this dissertation the work of Kautilya is quoted to speak for itself. Methods of Data Collection 18. There are a number of books written on Arthashastra. Though some books are in Sanskrit and some are literal translations, some books are available in college library on the Arthashastra notably by LN Rangarajan, R Shamashastry, MV Krishna Rao and Roger Boeshe. Some data is also available on the internet and journals. A bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the paper. Likely sources include the following:- (a) Books written by eminent authors as mentioned above. (b) Papers submitted by researchers. (c) Information available over the internet. (d) Discussions with teachers and professors of history. Dr Gopalji Malviya was gracious enough to grant some valuable time for a ‘one on one discussion. His encouragement, advice and passion for the subject made the research meaningful. Organisation of the Dissertation 19. The dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapters one and two deal with introducing the subject and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- (a) Chapter III Principles of military strategy in Arthashastra. (b) Chapter IV Relevance in 21st century conventional warfare. (c) Chapter V Relevance in fourth generation warfare. (d) Chapter VI Conclusion. CHAPTER III PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY STRATEGY IN ARTHASHASTRA 20. Kautilya has enunciated many military strategies in the Arthashastra. Most importantly he does not seem to have made much distinction between military strategy and that of statecraft. He believed that warfare is an extension and an integral part of statecraft.[25] He has covered an array of strategies over a vast canvas from the actual fighting and planning, to training and deceit. Some of these will be discussed in this chapter. Planning a Campaign 21. Kautilyas most striking doctrine is his discussion of planning a campaign -â€Å"The activity of one setting out on a campaign deals with the factors to be taken into account before the king (state) decides that it is in the states interest to commence the campaign†.[26] Kautilya brings out the various facets of planning a campaign. He enunciates eight factors which are to be critically considered for determining whether a campaign would end in success, prior to making preparations for war. The factors that he considered for a successful campaign included Power (military, intellectual and morale), place and time, revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Few of the factors are discussed below:- (a) Power. According to Kautilya, the most important factor is of power. Power included the military might, and the economic strength of the adversary, and also the intellectual power, and t the ability of the enemy to carry out a objective analysis and not to be swayed by emotion or opinions. He even lists out the order of the three constituents of power to be Intellectual power, Military might and Enthusiasm and morale in the decreasing order of importance. Kautilya says that though the mightier king may be endowed with better war machinery and that he can buy heroic fighters, the Power of good analysis and judgement (which include intelligence and the knowledge of politics the two eyes of the king) are superior to sheer military strength. The operational ‘fFactor of fForce as spelt out in present day warfare encompasses the tangible (personnel, weapons, mobility, fire power and logistics) and the intangible elements (leadership, morale, discipline, training, doctrine and mo tivation).)[27] The human element that is the power of good counsel and intellectual power has been given the highest importance by Kautilya, unlike modern thinkers who give more importance to the military might. The intangible human elements are difficult to quantify and hence tend to tilt the balance if not correctly assessed. Hence to compare two opponents as emphasised inemphasised in the Arthashastra ,Arthashastra, their power in all aspects needs to be compared.[28] Kautilya gives least importance to morale but adds that ‘Tthe night before the battle is to be used for preparing for battle and building up the morale[29] of troops.[30] (b) Place/Terrain[31]. The next important factor to be considered is the place andplace and the terrain.[32] Employment of infantry, horses, elephants and chariots have been given the due importance with respect to terrain[33]. He has articulated that the land being used for conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations. This terrain is a smaller manifestation of the operational ‘Factor of Space. as given in the present day references on Operational Factors. The present day conventional warfare propagates that the free movement of ones forces and the space available are crucial for success in war. An example of denial of space is the concept of Blockade. Thus the importance of space was evident to Kautilya except the new concept of cyberspace. However his postulate that on each kind of space the king should undertake such works to increase his power[34] is still relevant. (c) Time/Campaigning Season. Kautilya has laid stress on timing[35] and selection of season for an expedition. He recommends that the climate and the time or duration of a campaign (day, night, fortnight, month, season) is of great importance. His concept of space is replicated as he articulates that the time of conflict should be unsuitable for the enemy and suitable for own operations.[36] He also states the various kinds of warfare and weapons to be used in different seasons . ‘An army consisting mostly of elephants should be used in rains or when plenty of water is available, camels and horses may be used in little rain or areas with muddy water.[37] The operational factors in modern warfare give serious consideration to the factor of time. Time has further been divided into preparation time, warning time, reaction time, decision cycle time etc. Durations of the campaign and the interval between two consecutive operations should beare kept short to be maintain a high tempo. This is brought out by Kautilya when he recommends that ‘whenever the king is superior, he shall not waste any time and should proceed against the enemy whenever by doing so the enemy can be weakened or crushed. Due to new technologies the pace of thein present day warfare new technologies are enlarging the area of combat is growing and at the same time compressing the time factor is being compressed. Thus tThe critical evaluation of time, and the various weather parameters and advices such as theand terms for planningfor planning a long, medium and short war as given in the Arthashastra remain relevant even today. (d) Troop Mobilisation. He Kautilya lays down the criterias in great detail which are required for mobilising each kind of troops. like Tthe standing army, is to be chosen if the threat is great and from well trained troops, however the territorial army is to be chosen if the enemy is weak. Tthe militia or is to be mobilised if the enemy is weak and it is only a law and order problem. Ffriendly or allied forces. are to be used when the king and the ally have the same objective. Without any remorse he adds that the jungle tribes should be used when there is a gain to the king, whether they win or lose in fighting the enemy ‘Just as a Chandala stands to benefit when a wild dog fights a wild boar. Combat potential concept in the present day concepts operational art states that combat potential is converted into Combat power by mobilisation of troops and start of conflict.[38] Even Kautilya has rightly emphasised the importance of troops and thus their bearing on the factor of for ce. Kautilya prefers an army of trained Kshatriyas[39] or a large force composed of Sudras and Vaishyas[40]. He was the first Indian statesman to consider the lower castes to fight wars. (e) Other factors. The other factors he discusses in planning include the revolts and the rebellion in the rear, the calculation of losses, expenses and gains and the likely dangers of treachery. Thus Kautilya has also brought out the fact which present day planners also abide by; of not planning or initiating military action without adequate forces and in the presence of unreasonable military or political constraints. Though most planning is valid only till the first contact with the enemy, still a complex almost mathematical analysis of gains and losses was carried out to justify going to war. (f) Power Place Time relation. The relationship of power, place and time to wage a war had various interpretations during that period. However Kautilya has clearly enunciated that though each of these components is important, none is more important than the other and all are interdependent. The fact that Kautilya understood the concept of space-time-force relationship and dynamics is a revelation. He postulated that only when the king finds that he is superior in power space and time shall he proceed against the enemy. â€Å"Force is important for a campaign; just as the collision of an unbaked mud-vessel with a similar vessel is destructive to both, so war with an equal king brings ruin to both†¦place (space) is important as a dog, seated in a convenient place, can drag a crocodile and a crocodile in low ground can drag a dog†¦time is critical as during the daytime the crow kills the owl and at night the owl the crow.†[41]His analysis of Force-Space-Time in the quot e shows that the correct forces need to be deployed in the correct terrain at a time of their choosing for maximum effect. The analogy of the crocodile being dragged by a dog would refer to a vastly superior force being inexorably drawn away from their base into an area of operations that is favourable to the smaller enemy (large conventional forces fighting insurgents in urban areas). All the factors listed by Kautilya need to be considered whilst planning a modern day conventional or unconventional campaign. Internal Security 22. Physical Security. The security of own kingdom consisted of physical security and also the capability to prevent treachery, revolts and rebellion.[42] The frontier post and forts (consisting of mountains, rivers, jungle and deserts) provided physical security. The details of fortifications are placed at the Appendix _______. Thus the importance given to internal security was immense. Demobilisation of troops was carried out in times of peace to save money and they were mobilised again for conquests. However the forces guarding the forts, royal property and the kings own guards were never disbanded, thus ensuring the importance of internal security. Besides Kautilya was extremely wary of revolts, rebellion and the ability of spies trying to influence the people by wrong newstreachery. 23. Control Over Army. Various means were utilised by the king to maintain control over his army including the Chiefs of Army such as paying them well, keeping them under surveillance and testing their integrity to prevent any rebellion.. Some of these measures including shrewd and ruthless ones are enumerated below:- (e) They were paid well to prevent them from being tempted by bribes by the enemy. (f) They were kept under surveillance of clandestine agents, especially to see that they did not succumb to the instigations of the enemy. (g) Their integrity was tested to weed out the cowardly. Also the (h) Tthe wings of the Army were kept under the control of more than one chief so that mutual fear and suspicion would ensure their loyalty. (i) 24. (a) Those suspected of treachery were posted to remote areas while their families were kept in the capital as hostages. Imperativeness of Security. Kautilya believed that offensive action is based on defensive power. His insistence of for internal security clearly underlined underlines the fact that before forces are committed to the main task all own vital and vulnerable targets should be secured. In fact he even advices the king to keep the treasury and army under his control. In case of a threat of revolt, Kautilya advices the king,not to remain behind in the capital and to allow his Commander to lead a campaign and to leave it to his Commander and remain behind in the capital, .in case of a threat of revolt. 24. This coupled with the fact that he attached great importance to controlling his army brings out the fact that internal security must be the sound foundation for a successful campaign. 25. Threat of Coup. Kautilya advised the king not to leave military matters entirely to others and be involved in it. He paid great importance to the training of the army and to the loyalty of the soldiers. Towards this he advocated the use of spies especially from threat of a coup. Kautilya recommended that â€Å"secret agents, prostitutes, artisans and actors as well as elders of the army should ascertain with diligence, the loyalty or disloyalty of soldiers†.[43] Types of Warfare 26. According to Kautilya, the king had two main responsibilities which included the protection of own state from external aggression and enlargement of territory by conquest[44]. He thought there was a ‘science of warfare, presumably part of a larger science of politics. [45] Kautilya has described four types of War[46] as follows:- (a) Mantrayuddha or War by Counsel. This is the exercise of diplomacy to win wars. This is to be utilised when the king is in a weaker position and engaging in battle would not be wise or beneficial. (b) Prakasayuddha or Open Warfare. This is the form of normal warfare which follows all laid down rules of fighting a battle. Open warfare, Kautilya declared, is ‘most righteous,'[47] but he was willing to use any and all kinds of warfare to achieve consolidation and expansion of the kingdom. Kautilya advised the king that â€Å"When he is superior in troops, and when he is on land suitable to himself, he should engage in an open fight. In the reverse case, (he should resort to) concealed fighting.†[48] This was quite unlike the teachings in the Indian epics which emphasised the Dharmayudha or ethical warfare. (c ) Kutayuddha or Concealed Warfare. This form of warfare includes psychological warfare and treachery in the enemys camp. Also known as Guerrilla warfare.[49] The Chinese civil war by the Peoples Liberation Army, the Vietcong in the Vietnam war, the Kosovo Liberation Army in Kosovo are examples of using mobile military tactics to defeat a stronger force. and guerrilla warfare. (d) Gudayuddha or Clandestine / Silent War. This type of war is waged by covert means to achieve the objective. It includes means to win without fighting the battle by means such as assassinating the enemy. Also called silent war, it is a kind of warfare with another kingdom in which the king and his ministers—and unknowingly, the people—all act publicly as if they were at peace with the opposing kingdom, but all the while secret agents and spies are assassinating important leaders in the other kingdom, creating divisions among key ministers and classes, and spreading propaganda and disinformation.[50] Roger Boesche has said in his book on Arthashastra that â€Å"silent war is a kind of fighting that no other thinker I know of has discussed†.[51] The assassination of Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi carried out towards furthering separatist movements are examples of this kind of warfare. In silent warfare, secrecy is paramount, and, from a passage quoted earlier, t he king can prevail only by â€Å"maintaining secrecy when striking again and again.†[52] Military Organisation 27. The military organisation is covered in great detail in Arthashastra. Maintenance of the states armies, troops and the organisational structure[53] of various components are still valid. The organisation was based on the number ten[54] and as today we follow the relationship of three. In the olden days since space was limited, it was perhaps possible to have a commander controlling ten subordinate commanders.[55] 28. Managing the Army. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army which include not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale etc. Kautilya states that armies should never be abandoned, left leaderless or totally merged into someone elses army.ItThe army should always have adequate reinforcements[56]. He further warns against calamities which adversely affect the functioning of the army. He includes many factors such as not giving due honours, not paid sufficiently, low in morale, an angry army, a dispersed one, having to fight in an unsuitable terrain or season, an army which has been encircled, obstructed or cut off from reinforcements and supplies and most importantly one without leaders. He makes an incisive observation when he states that an unhonoured army, an unpaid army an exhausted army will fight if honoured, paid and allowed to relax respectively but a dishonoured army with resentment in its heart will not do so. H e further gives importance to leadership qualities by stating that an army repulsed will fight if rallied by heroic men unlike an army abandoned by its chief. This is as true today, even in the age of C4ISR. and where troops or ships are spread across the globe. It is an accepted fact that in the absence of an inspired leader victory goes to the stronger (numerically superior) side. He also adds that even if the army faces extreme reverses like loss of capital or death of a commander it will still fight unless they are cut off from their king and leader. He stated the pre requisite for an effective leader which is true even today that he should keep in mind two fundamental elements, the mission and the people. The king is advised to guard his army against troubles created by the enemy and told to strike at the weak points of the enemys army similar to the critical vulnerabilities in JOPP. Algorithim of Victory. 29. When two kings are at war, he advises his king to sue for peace with a stronger king, accept the peace offer of a equally strong king and to destroy the weaker king.[57] He justifies going to war by the natural enemy concept[58] which states that if the conqueror does not eliminate the enemy, the enemy will eliminate him. After victory it is vitally important to consolidate on newly acquired territory so as to be able to embark on further conquests. He clarifies that a defeated army should never be harassed to the point of making it so desperate that it will return to fight with vengeance.[59] Oligarchies / Coalitions 30. A whole section is dedicated to oligarchies or confederacy. In the present world such a communion is exhibited by coalition forces. While accepting that these coalitions are strong entities he frames various means to fight and put up resistance against them. As an oligarchy is defined as a unassailable cohesive unit, sowing dissension, using deceit, treachery and playing on the differences amongst them has been suggested as measures to defeat them. In the present world, the attempt to break the coalition by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is an example of this tactics.[60] Strategies for Weak King 31. Kautilya has written extensively on the response of a weak king when being attacked by a stronger king. When confronted by a superior power Kautilya advices the weak king to find a way to survive to fight another day, preserving â€Å"his body, not wealth; for, what regret can there be for wealth that is impermanent?†[61] Kautilya did not however expect the weak king to give in to the conqueror without a fight and recommended various measures which included use of ‘diplomatic or concealed warfare and instigating a revolt in the enemy camp.As a desperate measure he even advocated a powerful speech offering a mixture of moral exhortation and arguments to be given to the superior king. People and Popular Support 32. Kautilya maintained that people were more important than forts and armies. As he put it, â€Å"one should only seek a fortress with men.†[62] Kautilya urged the king to be popular with the people and to endeavour to secure the welfare of his subjects. The Arthashastra has emphasised on not causing harm even to the subjects of the enemy king. In fact extra ordinary measures are recommended to win over the people of the enemy land. Their customs had to be respected and their gods had to be revered by the new king. After the war, carrying away loot was forbidden. 33. The important six fold foreign policy[63] has been left out due to dissertation restrictions. The gamut of strategies from the planning aspects, the types of war to the very crucial support of the people will be will be contextually examined for their relevance in the next chapters. CHAPTER IV RELEVANCE IN 21ST CENTURY CONVENTIONAL WARFARE 34. Realist School. In this chapter the present day conventional warfare will be examined as seen through the prism of Kautilya. Kautilya is widely known to have preached the Realist School of thought which advised rulers to maximise power through political rather than military means. He preached that the ends justified the means including the use of ruse, deceit[64], cunning and subterfuge[65]. However Kautilya has discussed conventional warfare in great detail and has also given the option of frontal attack on the enemy.[66] 35. Role and Mission. In an increasingly complex world, the missions of the armed forces are correspondingly more diverse and complex than ever before. In times of peace and tension, the armed forces are a powerful instrument of the nations foreign policy.[67] In times of crisis and conflict, they are the foremost expression of the nations will and intent. Suffice to say that the expectations of a nation from its military are diverse and wide-ranging. Therefore, modern warfare is not restricted to war alone. Rather, they encompass the military, political, economic and the diplomatic aspects. 36. Nature of War. War or conflict has two different characteristics. One, which represents progress and change, and the other, which represents constancy and permanency. On one hand, the dynamics of progress and change depend much upon a commanders imagination, innovativeness, grasp of technology and complexity. While on the other, the Arthashastra is testimony to the constant and unchanging nature of war. Studies of military history show that certain features constantly recur; that certain relations between type of action and success often remain the same; that certain circumstances and moments have time and time again, proved decisive. Past being the prologue of future, underscores the relevance and significance of studies of military history such as propagated by the Arthashastra. Joint Intelligence Preparation of Operational Environment 37. Factor of Space. The r